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皮格马利翁萧伯纳读后感14篇汇合 皮格马利翁萧伯纳人物性格

更新时间:2023-03-07 09:26:31 点击: 来源:yutu

心理作文 篇1

“浩天,外面可凉快了,快出来玩滑板吧。”星期天早饭后,爸爸妈妈上班去了,我坐在写字台前写作业,忽然,好朋友王健在外面喊了起来。

这个王健,这么早就出去玩,肯定没有完成作业。因为没有完成作业,老师批评他很多次了。

“这个时候出去玩,妈妈回家后,如果发现我没有完成作业,说不定会把我的作业本抛到外面去,然后大吼: ‘你一天就知道玩,再玩就别上学了,跟我到地里干活去!’哎呀,我的脸往哪儿搁呀,不行,还是先写作业吧。”我轻轻地摇了摇头。

“去吧,去吧,王健是你最好的朋友。他叫你,你不出去,他会不高兴的。”另一个声音在耳边催促起来。

“不行,不行!”我刚刚站起身,忽然,又一个声音制止了我,“你还没有写完作业呢,王健‘健忘’,你也健忘?不要忘了,你是班长啊!”

“浩天,你在孵蛋吗,怎么还不出来?”王健喊声更大了。我听到他们滑板的滚动声和欢笑声。

“去吧,快去吧,外面那么多小朋友,多热闹啊,作业下午再写吧!”想到这,我再次站起来。

“浩天,你想干什么?忘记你对妈妈的承诺了吗?你说过,一定要完成作业后再出去玩,你完成了吗?”

“不行,不行!”我拍了拍脑袋,来到门口,对王健喊: “王健,你们先玩,我写完作业再出来。

“好的,你快点写。”不知谁回应了一句。

再次坐到写字台前,我感到浑身轻松,写起作业来也好像“下笔如有神”了。

玩是孩子的天性, 小作者为写宏作业后玩耍坯是玩耍回粟后再写作业而展开 “心灵的战争” 。通过“站起” “坐下” “再次站起” “再次坐下”,小作者形象生动地呈观出内心的矛盾。最后,理智战胜了贪玩的心理。

心理作文 篇2

偶尔转街,看见一大群人围着一个叫卖的人,不知怎么回事,便也急忙凑过去想看看究竟。哦,原来是卖水果的。过节,人们大包小包的买,问价格,和市场上差不多。本也想挤进去买点,可由于体力太差,终究没买成。于是退出来,看见隔壁也在卖同样的东西,价格也差不多,便买了些。问:为什么那边那么多人?回答说:现在的人都是这样,看见别人买,觉得可能便宜或更好,便跟过去买,别人不怕吃亏我也就不怕。另一人插话道:这就是典型的从众心理。

想想也是,当下人们有的上当受骗多了便害怕,愿意往人多的地方跑,这样就不怕受骗。因为人多嘛,总有聪明的人识破而不至于上当。所以,眼下很多卖保健品的、净水器的、药酒的、豆浆机的……一大群人围着一个天花乱坠的人,听得津津有味,忘记身外。这样聚的人越来越多,有时还发点小礼物,一些老头、老太太爱占便宜,便都围拢过来。再后来就是兜售一些看似好的东西。大叔、大妈已经听进了,纷纷掏腰包去买。有的人本不想买,看见买的人多了,怕以后买不到了吃亏,于是便回家去拿钱小跑回来买一大堆回家。

我认识的一位大妈就是这样,本来家境不富裕,租的人家的房子,两个儿子都还没有结婚,可她偏听信了那个吹牛的人,说衣服可以治病,延年益寿,不惜向人家借了上千元的钱买了一套。可没过多久,她便生病,两个儿子赶紧从打工的地方赶回家,花了上万元的医药费。等她病好了,儿子说:这衣服是骗人的。她才把衣服扔了。有人问:你当初就不该买。她说:看见人家都买,我怕以后买不到了能治病的衣服,所以也买了;当时穿着挺好的,谁知是骗人的。这个大妈就是从众心理,觉得别人都买得,我为什么不行。

当下在医院看病也是这样:很多人到医院后并不马上找医生看病,而是东瞅瞅,西瞧瞧,看见哪个医生病人多,便挂谁的号。正常情况下医术高的人病人固然多,但也要分情况哟。看病你得分什么科,什么状况,然后再就医。可由于人们的从众心理,一味的认为只要人多的地方,肯定好,也不分析具体情况。这种从众心理,让很多人进入一个误区:不该买的买了,不该用的用了,不该耽误的耽搁了,反而事倍功半。

总之,这种从众心理不敢恭维,任何事物应该思考后才行动,别一味跟随别人而动。

心理作文 篇3

微笑人生

牙齿痛的人,想世界上有一种人最快乐,那就是牙不痛的人。

——萧伯纳

亲爱的朋友,你快乐吗?你是否总是紧缩眉头?是否总是忧心忡忡?是否觉得人生乏味?

那就笑一笑吧!

笑,是心情愉快的表现,对于健康是有益的。

小则嫣然一笑,笑容可掬。大则是爽朗的笑,放声的笑,不仅脸部肌肉动作,就是发声器也动作起来。捧腹大笑,手舞足蹈,甚至全身肌肉、骨骼都动员起来了。

微笑既对身体有好处,也为自己赢得了他人心中良好的第一印象。

美国著名心理学家阿尔伯特·梅拉比尔进行过量化对比实验,结果表明:与声音或语言相比,人们的面部表情更有影响力。所以,如果你对自己的灿烂笑容没有信心,那么最好对镜子练习一番,或是赶紧找个朋友帮帮忙。

我们并非都是天生丽质,但我们确实能让自己在转瞬之间变得更加迷人,只需要戴上这世界上最廉价的面具——微笑。微笑看起来不难,但也不像你所想像的那么简单。

生硬的笑脸实在是件很糟糕的事情,你只看见嘴角在抽动,而不是整张面孔的配合。

你的真诚的笑容,代表着你对他人的友好和关心。你的笑容证明你温暖和开阔的胸襟,会把信心带给别人,同时也把关注的目光引向你自己。微笑让他人如沐春风,微笑,犹如一支兴奋剂。但要记住,真诚的微笑不仅仅是嘴唇的拉伸,就像老话所说是“用眼睛微笑”。

心理作文 篇4

心理学,这个词总让人产生一种神秘感,也因此吸引我读了《每天懂一点 好玩心理学》这本书,读后还颇有收获,生活中的很多事情也都能理解了。

人有一种叫做“自尊感情”的情绪,即认为自己有价值的一种感觉。这和我们平常所说的“自尊心”不是一回事。如果有人对我们说“你这个人没有价值!”、“作为人,你不合格!”等,就会伤害我们的自尊感情。当自尊感情受到伤害时,人就会愤怒,这是保护自己自尊感情的一种行为。

自尊感情高的人,对于别人的侮辱也可以宽容对待。正因为自尊感情高,不管别人怎么说自己,也不会影响自己对自己的评价,因而不会生气。然而,自尊感情低的人,只要受到一点不适当的评价,马上就会发怒。自尊感情低的人无法尊敬自己,需要从别人的尊敬中间接地获得自尊感情。因此,一旦别人否定了自己,自己也就无法尊敬自己,于是便发怒了。因此,如果平时能够多冷静地审视自己,发现自己值得尊敬的地方,提高自尊感情,就不会动不动因为一些琐碎小事而生气了。

人是社会性的动物,在社会生活中,我们几乎每天都要和他人打交道。因此,人际关系是社会心理学中的中要内容之一。人际关系是人与人之间的心理距离,人际关系的实际是人与人的利害关系。你怎么对待别人,别人就怎么对待你,你满足了别人的需求,别人便同样会满足你的需求。总想从别人那里得到什么的人,是迷失于方向的人,只会把你原来的想法颠倒过来,只有给予、给予、再给予,那么你就会赢得别人的喜欢。请保留此标记际关系的两个基本的维度是:感情上的"亲疏"和地位上的"尊卑"。在社会交换理论看来,人际交往是一个社会交换的过程,人们之间的所有活动都是交换,是一种经济交易,人们试图使自己的收益最大化,并使自己的`成本最小化,从而确保交换结果是一个正的净收益。交换的东西是非常广泛的,可以是"社会"性的,包括信息、地位、情感、服务和物品等。不过当人们建立关系后,分歧就难免,冲突也就可能出现。

在现实的生活中,我们总是有意无意地对他人形成一定的印象或看法。对他人的知觉中的社会心理活动规律在实践生活中的运用,而我们也应该在"皮格马利翁效应"中得到启示,对他人要有医生的心肠,但不能有医生的眼光。我们需要被别人信任,受到他人的尊重,得到他人的积极的肯定与评价的一种精神需要。有许许多多普普通通的人由于受到信任和期望的激励而迈上了记成功之路,也有许多一时的误入歧途的人因受到信任和期待的激励而重返正道。因此,我们要走出"晕轮效应"的迷宫,从客观上去看待别人。

通过看这本书,虽然没有完全读懂,但是可以学到和我们的交际心理学一脉相承的知识内容,让我们更好地学习专业的知识,让我获益良多。最后希望学好心理学,我想以后应该很有用的,至少可以提高我们的修养。

心理作文 篇5

这周星期四,老师带领我们去参观一个教室。教室的名字叫心理辅导室。我从来没有听说过这个教室,于是我就好奇地去了。在去那儿的路上,我猜想着教室里的样子,但我想不出来。我想,那儿一定是一个神奇的地方。

刚进教室,首先映入我的眼帘的是几张办公桌。墙壁上写着办公区、测试区、和咨询区的字。办公的老师让我们随便参观,但不要把里面的东西弄坏。我们就到里面参观去了。

进去后首先看到了涂鸦区。涂鸦区有一块白板,一支笔和一个擦板。有几位同学马上跑过去画了起来,画人脸,画房子。我想,涂鸦区大概是让同学们画出自己的心情吧。刚一回头,就被一个不倒翁吓了一跳。这不倒翁头上还贴着一张纸,纸上画着一张脸。它旁边写着宣泄区三个字,我马上明白了:原来是让人发泄的啊。那不倒翁还挺坚强的,打倒又马上爬起来了。我还看见宣泄区那儿有两行字:让心灵沐浴阳光,让快乐充满胸膛。我又转身观察,发现了两堆沙滩,我就把它们堆积成小山,再在山顶上凿一个洞,像一口井,我又往“井”里撒沙子,“井”又被填满了。这儿是游戏区,在沙滩旁有一个柜子,里面放着一些小玩具,那小东西真是精美极了。有医生、警察、农民、皇帝,还有医院、体育场、警察局,还有一些玩具果蔬,我还看见了几个包子,那包子做得真像,我刚开始还以为是真的呢。那儿还有海螺,它里面真的有声音,那是回声。放松区里面都是一些心理健康教育的书。这些书里面有许多道理,我认为是值得一读的。

一转眼,一节课结束了,我们的参观也结束了。我感受到了心理作用的重要性。我们要时刻保持积极乐观的心态,这也是一种成功的关键。通过这次参观,我心里开朗了许多,以后也不会担心自己的情绪管理不好的毛病了。

拼搏高考的作文1

拼搏是一个过程,而成功是一点。

拼搏是一种过程,历经拼搏,便不会再因结果的好坏,而欣喜若狂或心情沮丧。拼搏是一种资本,它助我们在主动中发挥自己的最大潜能,像海燕一样在惊涛骇浪中体会搏击长空的快感。拼搏是一种境界,它既没有风花雪月的浅唱低吟,也没有初入社会的感世伤怀,它有的是冲击终点的挑战自我,是直面人生的引亢高歌。

在历史的长河中又何尝不是呢?古有多少明志人,无不是在逆境中拼搏。“文王拘而演《周易》;仲尼厄而作《春秋》;屈原放逐,乃赋《离骚》;左丘失明,厥有《国语》;孙子膑脚,《兵法》修列;不韦迁蜀,世传《吕览》。在我们的生活中有何尝不是?无论是学习还是工作;无论信仰是否相同;无论身在何地。我们无时不刻的在拼搏。我们在坚守着我们将强的意志,虽然我们不能像他们一样获得很辉煌的成就,但我们意志坚定。

拼搏和成功之间是密不可分的。有拼搏就一定会有成功,要不然哪里来的失败是成功之母,有成功者必有失败者。成功或是失败都不必然的。它们之间或许可以转变,或许是定格。

成功另有一个因素就是一定要有一个目标;有一个竞争对手,不断的努力,不断的拼搏。那怎样才是成功了呢?是不断努力不断拼搏后就自然算是成功者了。人成功,那种轻松愉快,真是不可以言语形容。越是努力拼搏,成功就越容易降临;大抵天下事从拼搏中得来的成功才算真的成功。这种拼搏与成功的循环,便是这有活力的人间一种趣味。一翻过来,处处敢拼搏,便处处有成功;时时敢拼搏,便时时有成功。

如今,我们依然听着悬梁刺股的故事永不色衰、经典回味。我们依然遵循“书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦做舟”。上我们在披荆斩棘之后体会百尺竿头,更进一步的辉煌。

为了成功,我们要努力拼搏;为了成功,我们勤能补拙;为了成功,我们要有远大的理想,准确的目标和坚定的信念。让拼搏和勤奋作为远航的灯,我们自信的驶向成功的彼岸。

拼搏高考的作文2

辽阔苍穹中飞翔的雏鹰必是经历了被母鹰无数次摔下山崖的痛苦,才锤炼出一双凌空翱翔的翅膀;一颗璀璨无比的珍珠也必然经历蚌的肉体无数次的蠕动和无数次风浪的打磨。

一个真正有追求有志向的人不都是经历了无数次的拼搏才取得成就的吗?既然是水,就应该有波浪,既然是土,就应该垒成大山。在人生旅途中,只有用自己坚实的身躯去拼搏去奋斗,才可能有成功的机会。

吏角生伤了双腿,永久地坐上了轮椅,这对任何人来说都是一个极大的打击和摧残;但是他的母亲鼓励他去拼搏,去热爱生命,去找回生活的信心。最后,他用自己的大脑和双手表达了对生活的无限热爱。

贝多芬虽然耳聋,但他依然写出了《英雄》、《命运》,在人生的不幸中找到了乐趣和信心。

冰心说:“成功的花,人们只惊慕她现时的明艳!然而当初它的芽儿,浸透了奋斗的泪泉,洒遍了牺牲的血雨。”这难道不是吗?爱迪生为了发明最好的电灯丝,做了n多次的实验都未成功,但在他努力拼搏下最终找到了钨丝,为人类作出了巨大贡献。

过去的中国人被外国人称为“东亚病夫”,时至今日他们才知道中国人了不起。这个民族从来不缺乏仁人志士,为争取民主、自由而为之奋斗,为之牺牲。这完全是先人的无畏拼搏和奋斗才获得了如今的和平与繁荣。为了变法抛头颅洒热血的谭嗣同,为实现民族富强而东征北伐的孙中山,为挽救麻木不仁的中国人弃医从文的鲁迅,为中华之崛起而读书的周恩来……是他们,让中国走向世界,走向昌盛。

如今被称为“妈妈级”的柔道女子冼东妹,在退役后生下一个女儿却作出了复出的决定,凭着她顽强的拼搏和坚忍不拔的意志最终在北京奥运会上勇夺冠军。

坚守拼搏,是飞往成功的最佳之路;坚守拼搏,是通向光明的五彩桥梁;坚守拼搏,是点燃青春蜡烛的火花。

朋友,人生需要拼搏,人生只有走出来的美丽,没有等出来的辉煌。让我们点燃这青春的蜡烛,融化人生旅途中的挫折,走向自己辉煌灿烂的明天!

拼搏高考的作文3

拼搏这是一种精神,是一种在逆境中不放弃,坚持到底的精神。对于不断拼搏的人们来说,结果并不是最重要的,他们享受的只有在不断的拼搏中,变得更高,更快,更强的这种喜悦之情。一开始我也不是很理解人们为什么要拼搏,但是在我亲身经历之后,我才真正的体会到了拼搏之美。

我的体育不是很好,刚开学时跑个400米居然要花2分半,之后我就非常抵触跑步,所以当有一天卫老师在体育课上向我们大家宣布下节课要测试800米时,我就有种噩梦要来临了的感觉。

但是不管有多恐惧,那一天还是如期而至,在等待测试的时候我心里想:完了,完了,我连400米都跑这么慢,怎么去跑800米呀,中途又不允许放弃的,哎呀早知道我就跟老师请假不跑了,搞得现在这么胆战心惊的。我就带着这样的心理等待着男生的测试结束,站在了自己的跑道上。随着老师的一声令下,同学们都拔腿就跑宛如离弦之剑,几乎只有我跑得慢吞吞的,并且小心翼翼地调整着自己的呼吸,生怕自己跑得喘不过气来,但还是无济于事,才刚跑了一圈半不到,我就渐渐感到力不从心了,喉咙好像在被人用刀割过似的,黏糊糊的,一股血腥味。随着体力的渐渐消耗,我的呼吸声变得越来越沉重,眼前已是雾蒙蒙一片,原来睫毛上早已沾满了汗水,可是此时的我体力已经透支得不行了,似乎连抬手擦汗水的力气也没有了;剩下短短的300米此时在我看来却觉得遥不可期,真想停下来好好地休息一下;又跑完了一圈,我的脚步已经变得越来越慢。不行了,管不了那么多了,我要放弃,我心想,可正当我准备不顾一切放弃的时候,我的眼前似乎出现了在残奥会上那勇于拼搏永不放弃的体育健儿们,尽管他们有残疾,而且有相当一大部分人没赢得比赛,但是他们没有输掉精神,同样地也会受人尊敬并且爱戴。我想:连他们都这么努力拼搏,我又有什么理由去放弃呢?看着前面的同学已经领先了这么多,我又燃起了斗志,拼劲了全部的力气去跑最后50米;30,20,10米,离终点只有10米了!此时此刻,我的全身血液好像都沸腾了,脑子里已经不再有任何念头,唯一想的只有不断鼓励自己再努力一些,再努力一些。终于我成功地跑完了全程,并且也得到了对于我来说不错的成绩。

这时我的心里明白了:比赛为的不是结果,而是享受这拼搏的过程,到了那时一切都变得不重要了,只有那追赶对手并且超越他们才是最重要的,成败并不关键,但那敢拼搏的精神才是关键的,这才是真正的体育精神,真正的奥林匹克精神。

而作为21世纪的青少年的我们已经习惯了从小的饭来张口,衣来伸手,早已经不再为生计而拼搏了,正是因为如此我们才更要发扬这种精神,使我们在以后的生活中能够为了自己的目标以及理想不断的奋斗并且努力着,直到成功。

拼搏高考的作文4

石泐海枯,兆载永劫,历史上一位位伟大的成功人士,都在努力发现自我,完善自我中走向人生的巅峰。正如美学家克罗奇说的:“要想评价但丁,就要使自己达到但丁的水准。”的确,要想真正地走进一个行业,走向一个憧憬的未来,我们就要向着这个方向努力,从而做到认识自我,最终精心雕刻自我而走向成功,与但丁“并肩”。

百灵鸟自知没有苍鹰那样的雄壮身躯,她常年苦练歌喉,最终为山林里增添一抹生机;小河自知没有大海那般汹涌澎湃,她映山泉,披月光,在林间涓涓流淌着;中国物理学家杨振宁自知不适合实验物理这一专业,他便投身理论物理,并获得诺贝尔物理学奖。

当你对未来找不到方向时,应该认识自我,确立心中的目标。

爱尔兰剧作家萧伯纳曾言:“人生有两大悲剧。一是万念俱灰。一是踌躇满志。”当人生有起点而没终点,那么你就会徘徊于起点,毫无进步毫无成长。肯德基的创始人桑德斯在年过六十才真正着手于炸鸡事业,而在他年轻之时,他曾经历着金融危机、第二次世界大战、石油危机的折磨。这个年过花甲的老人,在不断尝试中认识自我,确立人生目标,从而为之奋斗,走向人生巅峰。

诚然,当你找到未来的方向,对未来有一定的向往时,也不能忘记当初奋斗的决心。

根据皮格马利翁效应,当老师关注一个学生时,不论学生的智力、背景如何,他都能呈现出一个良好的成绩。这无非说明,成功的路上,还需要持之以恒的动力与拼劲。中国女排能确立夺冠的目标,但若少了十几年的训练与拼搏,那便拿不下奥运会的冠军,更别说连续的夺冠。

有人说:“不进厨房的人,也能辨别厨子的好坏。”若你在人生的路上,朝着一个目标奋斗过,你也能认识到自己对这一方向的潜能。所以,脚踏实地地拼搏与奋斗,才能认识自我,确立人生目标,从而找到通向人生巅峰的路。

努力拼搏,找到人生方向,方能认识自我,实现理想。

拼搏高考的作文5

青春是什么,有人可能会这样问。我会说:“青春是我们拼搏努力的最好时期。”可能有人还会说青春要拼搏些什么。我会说:“每个人都有要拼搏要追求的事。我们所拼搏的是值得我们拼搏的事。而青春,使我们拼搏的最佳时期。”

青春—为成绩拼搏

我想,对于每个中学生,他们都有想成为人们所说的好学生的憧憬。而他们也为这个憧憬不断努力着。出门在外,人们总是会问:你多大了?在哪上学?成绩怎么样?当我们听到这些话时,优秀的学生会骄傲的回答这些问题。对于一些不那么优秀的学生就会脸红着躲避这些问题。在过程中,他们强烈的自尊会让他们时刻提醒自己要努力拼搏,为自己能够骄傲的回答这些事而努力。因此,他们就整天在书的海洋中遨游。

每当想要放弃时,只要想起那些令人脸红的问题,就会重振精神,继续坚持下来。这就是青春,我们的青春为成绩拼搏。

青春—为梦想拼搏

每个人都怀揣梦想,也许有些人,在追梦路上,艰难险阻太多,而半途而废,换了一条路走。对于处于青春期的我们却不一样,我们有动力,有时间,我们足以完成我们的梦想。因此,我们总会为自己的梦来付出、拼搏。我们总是不愿意错过一丁点和我们梦想相关的事。我们总不愿意放弃任何一个机会来让自己的梦与自己更近一些。只要和我们的梦有关,只要我们参与了,我们就会为此高兴半天。

这就是青春,为梦想拼搏。

青春—为家人拼搏

也许,我们中的一些,不为自己拼搏,不为自己的梦想拼搏。但我始终坚信,他们会为家人拼搏。

他们不在美丽的校园,没有亲密的朋友。他们在外拼搏,为的是能让自己的父母过上安定的生活。不必为生计而日夜奔波、为一日三餐而担忧。他们是更优秀的。他们的青春为父母拼搏。

我们也是努力的,我们也懂得自力更生。我们也不想像小公主、小王子那样过着衣来伸手饭来张口的生活。我们需要的是家人对我们的支持,给我们的鼓励。让我们又可以独立生存的机会。

青春是美好的,是五彩缤纷的。但期间有泪、有汗、有微笑,我们的青春是一生的关键。所以我们为自己拼搏,也为家人拼搏。只为拥有美好的未来!

拼搏高考的作文6

在这人生的道路上,我们总在不停地实现一个计划,它务必让我们不断奋斗,不断努力,才会成真。这就是人生的计划,有些人他并没有,有些人却有,没有的人他最终无所事事,有的人最终成为祖国的栋梁。它会一向在你心中,不断激励你,鼓励你,向着目标迈进,向着未来前进。

刚懂事时,大部分人心里都会有一个理想:我长大以后要当老师,此时我长大以后要当宇航员,我长大以后要当老板,我长大以后要但国家领导。著名诗人流沙河说:“理想就是石,敲出星星之火;理想就是火,点燃熄灭的灯;理想就是灯,照亮夜行的路;理想就是路,引你走到黎明”。有了理想未来就不远了。

渐渐地我们长大了我们明白了要努力学习才会有好的收获。每一天阅读,在书海里遨游。读万卷书,行万里路。虽然没有去过长城,但能在书中感触于那一种雄伟;没有去过大海,却能在书中体验那一种汹涌;没去过山峰,此时但能在书中感受到那种险峻;没见过高楼大厦,但能在书中接触那种壮观。很多名人都为它写下名言:书犹药也,善读能够医愚。书籍就是人类进步的阶梯。书到用时方恨少。少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。少年不知勤学苦,老来方悔读书迟。书读百遍,其义自见。有时我从书本里明白了很多很多的道理。常常会为了一个故事情节而陷入深深的沉思。好像一个学者,一个哲学家在领悟一道人生真谛。所以每读完一本书,情绪便豁然开朗。我在读书时就陷进了这个故事。成了这个故事里的主人公,会随它们的快乐而快乐,会随它们的悲伤而悲伤。这种感觉好奇妙,我像就是着魔了,上瘾了,不可自拔。我爱上了它,我沉醉在书海的世界里,我好幸福。书,我的朋友啊!你真就是一个知心好友,在你那里,我仿佛读出了我的心声,我的快乐,我的梦想,我的烦恼,我的人生真谛。书就是我看见我离未来不远了。

将来我们明白了我们要不断奋斗才会有好的待遇,环境。此时要人不断发泄自我的潜能就得发扬优点改正缺点。做事不在拖拉,学习不再马虎,做一个全新的自我。我们要取长补短,向他人学习成为一颗璀璨的明珠,散发自我的光芒,无比荣耀。

在这人生的路上,我们会不断奋斗,努力,让自我成为世界的栋梁,祖国的明珠。

拼搏高考的作文7

我弓着身子,眼睛直视前方,等待着发令枪的枪声。

等待发令枪声的时间突然变得漫长,紧张和不安被无限放大。我用余光打量着两边的人,看着她们脸上各异的神情。但当我注意到,我是我们班唯一参赛的选手后,那种一个人孤军奋战的慌张顿时袭上全身。

这慌张和不安还没来得及消化掉,枪声就毫无征兆地响了。我迅速跑到一道,加速奔跑。跑在前面的人,一心求胜,一开始就卯足了劲,可劲儿向前冲。比赛,毕竟不是练习,每个人都不甘落后,我也跟着往前冲了起来。大约冲刺了大半个操场,我的体力就开始直线下降。我开始大口地喘着粗气。我想要稍微放缓脚步,我身后的选手有与我齐肩并进。我只能咬紧牙关,往继续冲。

忽然听到有人在喊我名字,我一抬头就看见刘祁在足球场的一角挥舞着双手,为我呐喊助威。她的声音听起来有些沙哑,但在我听来却有着让人最温暖的感觉。

我终于咬着牙努力跑完了第一圈,就见原先跑在第一的选手没有坚持住而停了下来。见她停下,我不禁心生窃喜,心想着也许可以慢点了,但现在新跑在第一的选手更是来势汹汹,像体力用不尽似的往前冲。

为了不被人超过,身体已经要透支的我,又勉强向前冲了几步。此刻我由衷地觉得仿佛置身深海,难以呼吸。欲将窒息时,只听一个声音。那个声音正在教我如何调整气息。我微微转头一望,是赵子坤带领着我,我重新调整呼吸,又像是努力逃出深海的鱼,重新学会呼吸。

拼劲往前一冲,又是一个咬牙坚持。

转弯处刘祁依旧撕心裂肺的呐喊。紧接着,有如海浪的`欢呼声,一声更比一山高,一声更比一声喊得激动。我不用看都知道,是我美丽可爱的同学们。

恍惚间,我觉得身后有一股温暖的力量支撑着我,努力想将我向前推。

我深刻的感受到此刻的我不再是孤军奋战,我挺直腰板,正视前方。让我拿出原始的血液中叫器的求胜欲去拼搏。

一步,两步,三步!我最后一刻超过了前面的选手!我坚持下来了!

我弓着身子,插着腰,大口的喘着粗气。回望,我刚刚跑过的赛道,看着努力往终点冲的其他选手,刚刚脚气的求胜欲仍生气蓬勃,身后的欢呼声人如雷贯耳。

拼搏的路上,我并不是孤军奋战,奋斗的路上,我也从不轻言放弃。

拼搏高考的作文8

停止奋斗,就意味着生命也就停止了。——题记

他。一个四五岁时还不会说话的孩子。却在12岁时,经过自我不懈的努力与奋斗中,证明了毕达哥拉斯定理。他曾被老师视为最“蠢”的学生。竞靠自我的奋斗在一夜之间成了世界名人,他曾当过小职员,却发现了相对论,成为又一个获得诺贝尔物理学奖的犹太人,他一生充满坎坷与奇迹。却用自我的拼搏与奋斗,为全世界带来了欢乐与进步,他就就是20世纪最杰出的科学家----爱因斯坦。所以,我们不管怎样也不要气馁,此时哪怕只有百分之一的期望,也要付出用百分之百的努力,不断的拼搏,奋斗。

如今的我们,就是一群朝气蓬勃。有远大的理想、有奋斗的目标,不断的追求、不断的拼搏的年轻人。

这群少年他们怀抱这伟大的理想像未来奋斗。他们在不懈的努力。不断的奋斗,在生命中迎来一次次的挑战。他们或许成功,或许失败

然而他们并没有感到什么。因为古人以前说过,此时若一帆风顺,你不会成功,的确,没有失败,没有从失败中总结出来的经验。何来的成功。

“凡事欲其成功。务必付出代价:奋斗”这群永不言败的少年,即使有着较大的升学包袱,但也没有让他们放下的理由即使就是风雨交加,只要就是他们还在明亮的教室中,他们就必须会有毅力去拼搏、去奋斗、去进取。去做他们就应做的事。他们的最求并不就是自我过着什么,而就是最求将自我的事做到最好。正如安徒生以前说过:一个人务必经过一番刻苦奋斗,才会有所成就。

如果我们都守株待兔,自我不去寻找成功。成功也绝对不会主动来找你来。

“脚跟立定之后,你务必拿你的力量于技能,自我奋斗,”不拼搏,不奋斗,永远不会成功,奋斗才有期望,奋斗才有未来。我们这群少年,始终坚信着自我就就是成功的主人,这群少年用自我的奋斗让生命冲开了一切,向人生中迈开了第一步,此时虽然这只就是一步,如果没有这一步,哪来以后的步伐呢?这就就是那群在自我的青春中奋斗,永不言败的少年!

奋斗的青春,最美!

拼搏高考的作文9

带着兴奋,带着凝重,我们思索着人生的价值;当第一片树叶飘落时,我们迎来了初中的第三个年华。这时每个同学都在奋笔疾书,面对即将来临的中考,他们都在努力拼搏,力求在初中三年的最后为自己画上一个完美的句号。你瞧!校园里的各地都有他们拼搏的身影呢!

拼搏地点NO·1——教室

走到教室门口,居然连一点声音都没有,“莫非他们都没来呢?哈哈,太好了,看我怎样好好学习。”一推开门,我惊呆了,居然都在写作业。我立马坐回座位,也加入他们奋笔疾书的行列。抬头一看,黑板上写着几个醒目的大字“中考倒计时X天”,每一个同学心中始终有一个追寻着的梦想,为了这一梦想,他们都在努力拼搏,无论结果如何都依然美丽。

拼搏地点NO·2——操场

来到操场上,许许多多的同学们都在跑步。“哎,等等我,我和你们一起吧……呼,怎么办,我跑不动了,再坚持一圈吧,我先跑了。”

“XX同学,你快点,就剩下你了,麻利点。”我此时什么感觉都没有,只剩下疲惫,双腿就像灌满了铅一样,但是我依然没有停下来的念头,因为我知道坚持就是胜利。满山火红的枫叶,正是我们蓬勃的生命力。天黑,天明,放学,上学,日子一天天流过,拼搏一日日在坚持,生命的价值慢慢呈现。

拼搏地点NO·3——宿舍

“今天晚上写几份卷?”“都拿上吧,尽量多写几份。”“嗯,快点了,又浪费了一分钟,赶快回宿舍。”楼管阿姨一查完宿舍,我们就开始埋头学习了,“几点了?”“好像十一点多了。”

“要不睡吧,明天还要早起呢。”

“哎,我们再写一份卷就睡觉了。”

“对了,你帮我们冲杯咖啡吧。”

“我的天,这都已经第五杯了。”当我埋头奋笔疾书的时候,心头涌上一种感觉,满足。我坚信在不久的将来,我会用最美的姿态站在众人之间。

青青草地有我们留下的拼搏的身影,怒放的花朵是我们种下的火红的希望,飞扬的锦旗是我们挂着泪水的笑涡。我们等待,等待下一个绯红的黎明,花在笑,雨在唱,我们正一步一个脚印拼搏在成长的路上。

拼搏高考的作文10

因为有了梦想,我们才能拥有奋斗的目标,而这些目标凝成希望的萌芽,在梦想和汗水的浇灌下,凝结成成功之花。

不知是谁曾经告诉过我,不怕困难,不怕强敌,胜利永远属于强者失败,永远等待着弱者。有一个女人,他在一夜之间上了世界冠军,她就是中国首位UFO综合格斗冠军张伟丽!

她长得并不引人注目,普普通通的相貌,让人看过就忘了的脸。但她却靠着胜利,让全世界记住她。她每次赢得荣誉都会说:"我叫张伟丽,我来自中国,请记住我!"

她和所有成功者一样,在成功之前,几乎用尽了所有力气。

12岁的她,被父母送进武校学习散打,而身为女生的她常被顽劣的师兄欺负,常被打得鼻青脸肿。她饱尝屈辱和疼痛,但却有不服输的韧劲儿。她苦心的跟着老师学习,终于七个月后,在一场实战中,她打败了当初欺负过她的所有人,她成为了学校里最优秀的学员。后来参加河北省青年散打,成为了冠军。那时她感觉自己的人生到达了巅峰。但是好景不长,高强度的训练让她的身体带来了不可挽留的病伤。

梦想终究敌不过现实的残酷。在病痛的折磨下,她不得不放弃自己热爱的散打,退下了冠军的光环。过上了找工作、赚钱、养活自己的普通人生活。20岁那年,她做过保洁员,当过幼儿园的体育老师,甚至兼职过保安。那是2010年的北京,然而没有一份工作的工资超过2000元。

有一次她去一家健身房应聘前台。健身房里的拳击沙袋,一下子勾住了他的眼睛。她连这里有多少工资都没有问,就直接铁了心的要在这里工作。

因为她又可以重拾她热爱的东西,这意味着她离梦想又更近了一步。在梦想面前,金钱真的可以一文不值。她每次工作完在健身房里打沙袋打到手流血,汗水浸湿了她的衣裳。

那是她人生最低谷的时候。

如今人们只了解她今日的光荣荣耀,可却有多少人了解她的过去?张伟丽一生都在跟别人搏斗,在擂台上搏斗,与人生搏斗,与世界搏斗。

我们每个人都有自己的梦想,都有自己想要过的生活,都想自己能过的轻松,可是我们绝大数人,都是在雨中奔跑却没有伞的孩子,我们必须努力奔跑,只有你拼了命的向前奔跑,才不至于被梦想甩下的太远。

20xx年英美文学试题

20xx年英美文学试题

PART ONE (40 POINTS)

I. Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)

Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your choice on the answer sheet.

1.The most significant idea of the Renaissance is(   ).

A. humanism B. realism C. naturalism D. skepticism

2.Shakespeare’s tragedies include all the following except(   ).

A. Hamlet and King Lear B. Antony and Cleopatra and Macbeth

C. Julius Caesar and Othello D. The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Night’s Dream

3.The statement “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”opens one of well-known essays by

A. Francis Bacon B. Samuel Johnson C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift

4.In Hardy’s Wessex novels, there is an apparent(   )touch in his description of the simple though primitive rural life.

A. nostalgic B. humorous C. romantic D. ironic

5.Backbite, Sneerwell, and Lady Teazle are characters in the play The School for Scandal by(   ).

A. Christopher Marlowe B. Ben Jonson C. Richard Brinsley Sheridan D. George Bernard Shaw

6.Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a“(   )in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

A. tragic epic B. comic epic C. romance D. lyric epic

7.In his poem “Tyger, Tyger,”William Blake expresses his perception of the“fearful symmetry”of the big cat. The phrase“fearful symmetry”suggests(   ).

A. the tiger’s two eyes which are dazzlingly bright and symmetrically set B. the poet’s fear of the predator

C. the analogy of the hammer and the anvil D. the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation

8.“What is his name?”

“Bingley.”

“Is he married or single?”

“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”

The above dialogue must be taken from(   ).

A. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice B. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights

C. John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga D. George Eliot’s Middlemarch

9.The short story“Araby”is one of the stories in James Joyce’s collection(   ).

A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. Ulysses C. Finnegans Wake D. Dubliners

10.William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except(   ).

A. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people

B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings

C. the humble and rustic life as subject matter

D. elegant wording and inflated figures of speech

11.Here are two lines taken from The Merchant of Venice:“Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew/Thou mak’st thy knife keen.”What kind of figurative device is used in the above lines?

(   ) A. Simile. B. Metonymy. C. Pun. D. Synecdoche.

12.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”is an epigrammatic line by(   ).

A. J. Keats B. W. Blake C. W. Wordsworth D. P. B. Shelley

13.The poems such as“The Chimney Sweeper”are found in both Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by

A. William Wordsworth B. William Blake C. John Keats D. Lord Gordon Byron

14.John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is often regarded as a typical example of(   ).

A. allegory B. romance C. epic in prose D. fable

15.Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by(   )rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.

A. classical B. romantic C. sentimental D. allegorical

16.In his essay“Of Studies,”Bacon said:“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and(   ).”

A. skimmed B. perfected C. imitated D. digested

17.“For I have known them all already, known them all—/Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,/I have measured out my life with coffee spoons.”The above lines are taken from(   ).

A. Wordsworth’s “The Solitary Reaper” B. Eliot’s“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

C. Coleridge’s“Kubla Khan” D. Yeats’s“The Lake Isle of Innisfree”

18.(The)(   )was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.

A. Romanticism B. Humanism

C. Enlightenment D. Sentimentalism 19.A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of(   ), who never pays any attention to human feelings.

A. morality B. justice C. property D. humor

20.The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the (   ).

A. bitter satire B. larger-than-life caricature C. Latinized diction D. dramatic monologue

21.George Bernard Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession is a grotesquely realistic exposure of the(   ).

A. slum landlordism B. political corruption in England

C. economic oppression of women D. religious corruption in England

22.The story starting with the marriage of Paul’s parents Walter Morel and Mrs. Morel must be

A. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles B. D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

C. George Eliot’s Middlemarch D. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre

23.In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fame on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean is(   ). A. Washington Irving B. Ralph Waldo Emerson C. Nathaniel Hawthorne D. Walt Whitman

24.The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision.”The term“black vision”refers to

A. Hawthorne’s observation that every man faces a black wall

B. Hawthorne’s belief that all men are by nature evil

C. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his story

D. that Puritans of Hawthorne’s time usually wore black clothes

25.Theodore Dreiser was once criticized for his(   )in style, but as a true artist his strength just lies in that his style is very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sought.

A. crudeness B. elegance C. conciseness D. subtlety

26.“He is the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment take him in search of his personal Grail; his failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.”The character referred to in the passage is most likely the protagonist of(   ).

A. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby B. Dreiser’s An American Tragedy

C. Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls D. Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

27.Almost all Faulkner’s heroes turned out to be tragic because(   ).

A. all enjoyed living in the declining American South B. none of them was conditioned by the civilization and social institutions C. most of them were prisoners of the past D. none were successful in their attempt to explain the inexplicable

28.Yank, the protagonist of Eugene O’Neill’s play The Hairy Ape, talked to the gorilla and set it free because

A. he was mad, mistaking a beast for a human

B. he was told by the white young lady that he was like a beast and he wanted to see how closely he resembled the gorilla C. he was caged with the gorilla after he insulted an aristocratic stroller

D. he could feel the kinship only with the beast

29.In(   ), Robert Frost compares life to a journey, and he is doubtful whether he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the difference.

A. “After Apple-Picking” B. “The Road Not Taken” C. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”

D. “Fire and Ice”

30.Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme and technique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereas Whitman likes to keep his eye on human society at large, Dickinson often addresses such issues as(   ), immortality, religion, love and nature.

A. progress B. freedom C. beauty D. death

31.The Romantic Writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the(   )in the American literary history. A. individual feeling B. survival of the fittest C. strong imagination D. return to nature

32.Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be(   ).

A. transcendentalists B. optimists C. pessimists D. idealists

33.With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,(   )became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century.

A. Sentimentalism B. Romanticism C. Realism D. Naturalism

34.American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were(a)“(   ),”devoid of faith and alienated from the Western civilization.

A. Lost Generation B. Beat Generation C. Sons of Liberty D. Angry Young Men

35.In(   ), Washington Irving agrees with the protagonist on his preference of the past to the present, and of a dream-like world to the real world.

A. “Young Goodman Brown” B.“Rip Van Winkle” C. “Rappaccini’s Daughter” D.“Bartleby, the Scrivener”

36.Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely characters in(   ).

A. The House of the Seven Gables B. The Scarlet Letter C. The Portrait of a Lady D. The Pioneers

37.Like Nathaniel Hawthorne,(   )also manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through symbolism and allegory in his narratives.

A. Mark Twain B. Henry James C. R. W. Emerson D. Herman Melville

38.In his realistic fiction, Henry James’s primary concern is to present the(   ).

A. inner life of human beings B. American Civil War and its effects

C. life on the Mississippi River D. Calvinistic view of original sin

39.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Mark Twain’s writing style?(   )

A. Simple vernacular. B. Local color.

C. Lengthy psychological analyses. D. Richness of irony and humor.

40.Which of the following statements about E. Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story“A Rose for Emily,”is NOT true?(   )

A. She has a distorted personality. B. She is physically deformed and paralyzed.

C. She is the symbol of the old values of the South. D. She is the victim of the past glory.

PART TWO (60 POINTS)

Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)

Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

41.“Words are like leaves; and where they most abound,

Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found”

Questions:

A. Identify the poem and the poet. B. What idea do the two lines express?

42.“To be so distinguished, is an honor, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.”

Questions:

A. Identify the work and the author. B. What is the tone of author?

43.“‘Faith! Faith!’cried the husband. ‘Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.’”

Questions:

A. Identify the work and the author. B. What idea does the quoted sentence express?

44.“We passed the School, where Children strove

At Recess—in the Ring—

We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—

We passed the Setting Sun—”

Questions: A. Identify the poem and the poet.

B. What do“the School,” “the Fields”and“the Setting Sun”stand for respectively?

Ⅲ. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)

Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

45.As a rule, and allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of allegory. What is the implied meaning an allegory is usually concerned with?

46.“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of‘the system,’that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation.”

What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?

47.Whitman has made radical changes in the form of poetry by choosing free verse as his medium of expression. What are the characteristics of Whitman’s free verse?

48.Some of Hemingway’s heroes are regarded as the Hemingway code heroes. Whatever the differences in experience and age, they all have something in common which Hemingway values. What are the characteristics of the Hemingway code hero?

Ⅳ. Topics for Discussion (20 points in all, 10 for each)

Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

49.Elizabeth Bennet, the heroine in Pride and Prejudice, is often regarded as the most successful character created by Jane Austen. Make a brief comment on Elizabeth’s character.

50.Take Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature.

温馨小贴士:正确对待考研英语

快考研了,对于英语作文的复习,大家比较常用的方法就是背模板,来听听一些阅卷老师的看法:

一、作文模板要背,但不要背太多。关键是要准!老师是人,当然知道大家都是模板,不会因为这个难为大家。模板不是错,也没有歧视,但你连摸版都背不准,都背错,那就是你的不对了.我发现很多同学上下句不连贯,但都很优美,可见是拼接的,按本人经验,模版一个就可以对付大多数,问题是你要会用,而不是背一堆,又不准,同时还自己拼,那怎么能行?

二、考场上除非万不得已不要抄上面卷面上的句子。本人第一天连续发现4张卷子句子相同。上报组长,雷同卷,差点按0分处理,后来还好又发现类似卷子,原来都是从翻译抄下来的,0分终于避免了,但8分以下是跑不了了,欺骗老师啊~~~~

三、要有发光点,注意你是在考研,你让老师看到的是important,there be,那就等着8分左右吧,好象中国学生最会的句子就是there be,一片there be,更郁闷的是,有人还把时态弄错了,那完了,祈祷吧!用词,要对的起研究生(Q吧) 考试的水平啊,你就不能换点高级的词吗?

四、最重要的是每段开头.我算了一下,每份卷子,快的老师5秒,我差不多要10多秒。而且还要写两个名字,你觉得我能看到什么?首句!我们肯定不会乱改,但你要是在首句被我们看见低级词、低级句子、低级错误,那完了,这就决定你最终分数,就算你后面写的再好,也完了,前面是定性的,后面是定量的记得我的话!!!

五、多用难句,难词。要让我在枯燥的工作中惊艳,而且在5秒内,你就只有让我觉得,你很牛啊,从句子看出来,同时注意,不要写错!

六、一定要检查!特别是普通用法,要是普通用法错误,直接降一等,难的用法错了也就算了。你连there be都错,那能怪老师吗?我给的2个高分被组长打回原形,就是因为有低级错误!不要出错!

七、字体优美!强烈建议练练字,能写斜体的就很好,至少多3分,不能写的,字写明白,否则,损失的不止3分。

八、从07年北京地区改卷来看,分数比较多的是在,7,8左右,要按文章要求写,文章第一段多是描绘,注意上下句衔接,同时要有铺垫,不要上来第一个词就是confidence,太突兀了,看了有点晕。

九、作文不用花太多时间,但不花时间绝对不行,还是我说的,三个方面

1:背熟一个模版并运用好

2:不出错误

3:让老师惊艳的词句,就差不多了。

十、小作文没改,不知道,不过似乎他们看的速度比我们快的多,为你们祈祷~~呵呵。

十一、补充,套话还是要学的。背一点,最后可以筹字数起码,用的好的话也是个闪光点。

十二、好象没什么了,记住相信老师,北京地区分数低,不是老师随意压分,是我们严格执行标准,你们能做的,是提高水平!

十句对你不客气的英语口语

10句对你不客气的英语口语

1. Just wait and see. I won't let you get away with that.

咱们走着瞧。我不会让你得逞的。

2. You'll be sorry.

你会后悔的。

3. You're gonna get what's coming to you.

你会得到报应的。

4. If you're looking for a fight, you don't have to look far.

如果你想找人打架的话,不用找太远。

5. Watch your mouth. Do you know who you're talking to?

说话客气一点。你知道你在跟谁说话吗?

6. I'll get even with you sooner or later.

跟你的这笔账我迟早会要回来的。

7. Listen, you've picked the wrong person to quarrel with.

听着,你找错吵架的对象了。

8. You'd better take that back.

你最好收回那句话。

9. You want to take it outside? Anytime!

你想到外头解决(干架)吗?随時奉陪!

10. Don't mess with me! / Don't get fresh with me!

不要惹我!/ 给我放尊重一点!

英美文学作家作品

■ 英国部分

古英语Old English 450-1066

中世纪英语(文学) Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century

乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry

文艺复兴(含义)The Renaissance - rebirth or revival

人文主义Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life

1.斯宾塞Edmund Spenser - the poets' poet

2.马洛Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English drama  Blank verse无韵诗体, hyperbole夸张

浮士德博士的悲剧

3.莎士比亚William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time

四大悲剧Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth

十四行诗第18首

《威尼斯商人》

《哈姆雷特》

4.培根Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness(简洁) & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Inductive method 归纳法 in place of deductive method 演绎法

《论学习》

5.邓恩John Donne

玄学诗派metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods Conceits, syllogism 三段论

《日出》

《致死神》

6.弥尔顿John Milton

《失乐园》

《复乐园》

《力士参孙》

新古典主义Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracy 怯懦

启蒙思想(运动) Enlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science

哥特式小说Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles 神秘、恐怖

7.班扬John Bunyan

(“浮华集市”)

8..蒲伯Alexander Pope

《论批评》

“words are like leaves; and where they most abound. Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. ”what idea do the two lines express?

On fruit trees, where leaves are plentiful, fruit will be few. Similarly, in a piece of writing, where too many fine words are used, good sense will be reduced.

9. 笛福Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people《罗宾汉》

10.斯威夫待Jonathan Swift - a master satirist讽刺作家. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently永存的 flawed有瑕疵的  Proper words in proper places

《温和的建议》

《格列佛游记》

11.菲尔丁Henry Fielding –英语小说之父 Father of English novel, Prose Homer Comic epic in prose

《汤姆?琼斯》

12.约翰逊Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener

《英文字典》

致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信

13. 谢里丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century

《?情敌》

14.格雷Thomas Gray

The Graveyard(墓地) School《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》

?浪漫传奇Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of 人文主义精神the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace

The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's

浪漫主义时期 The Romantic Period

15.布莱克William Blake -engraver雕刻家

《扫烟囱的人》

16.华兹华斯William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous自发的, worshipper of nature' Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey骚赛

He defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow洋溢 of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected沉思默想的 in tranquillity安静'.

“我孤独地游荡,就象一朵云”

《威斯敏斯特桥上,1802年9月3日》

《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》

《孤独的割麦女》

17.柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remote Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational(对话的)

The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces –《古舟子咏》(又,《老水手之行》)

18.拜伦George Gordon Byron

拜伦式英雄'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin贵族血统, against tyrannical残暴的 rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》

19.雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley

Shelley’s masterpiece, Prometheus unbound, Is a verse drama. which borrows the basic story from a Greek play.

英国人民之歌

《西风颂》

20.济慈John Keats

4 great odes – 忧郁颂

21.简奥斯汀Jane Austen

《傲慢与偏见》

维多利亚时期 The Victorian Period

达尔文《物种起源》Darwin's

功利主义Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

22.狄更斯Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers批判现实主义作家 of the Victorian Age维多利亚时代

Character-portrayal描写 is the most distinguishing feature特点 of his works A mingling混合 of humor and pathos 悲伤,惆怅

《双城记》23.勃朗蒂姐妹The Bront? Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Bront?, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.

《简?爱》

24.丁尼生Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist

拍吧, 拍吧, 拍吧

《过沙洲》

”尤利西斯”

25.布朗宁Robert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue

《指环与书》

我逝去的公爵夫人

26.乔治?艾略特George Eliot: As a 女性作家woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women

《米尔德马契》

27.哈代Thomas Hardy - both a 自然主义naturalistic and a critical realist writer 地方乡土色彩Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'

《德勃家的苔斯》

?夜里的相会

现代主义 The Modern Period

28.萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw- 1884 join the Fabian Society, strongly against the credo信条 of “art for art’s sake”, vehemently 激烈condemned the “well made” but cheap, hollow plays. He wrote more than 50 plays. Mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.

《鳏夫的房产》

29.高尔斯华绥 John Galsworthy- was born into a upper-middle-class上层(富裕的)中产阶级 family.

《银盒》

第一个三步曲Trilogy--《福赛特世家》

第二个三步曲second Forsyte trilogy:《现代喜剧》

第三个三步曲

30.叶芝 William Butler Yeats was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dublin. organized the Irish National Dramatic Socirty and opened the Abbey Theatre. a moderate nationalist. build a mystical system of beliefs(history, life followed a circular spiral螺旋 pattern consisting of long cycles which repeatd themselves over and over on different levels).

象征symbol : “winding stairs旋梯”, “spinning tops陀螺”, “gyres旋转”, “spirals”

long poetic career, 3 period

《茵尼斯弗利岛》

《丽达及天鹅》

31. T. S.艾略特 T. S. Eliot

《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》

《四个四重奏》

32.劳伦斯 D. H. Lawrence

《儿子和情人》

33.乔伊斯 James Joyce

《都柏林人》■ 美国部分

Started with Washington Irving's

called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature

New England Transcendentalism 先验主义/超验主义

1.欧文Washington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith

Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced

First novel

2.爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement

3.霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne

Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity

4.惠特曼Walt Whitman

Openness, freedom, individualism

I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)

A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style

5.麦尔维尔Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne

Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence

Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyon man's control

6.马克?土温Mark Twain - the true father of American literature

Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age

3 boyhood books

7.亨利詹姆斯Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association

8.迪金森Emily Dickinson

Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys

9.西奥多?德莱塞Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire -

The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder

Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis

Imagist movement, Jazz Age

10.庞德Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'

11.弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene

12.尤金?奥尼尔Eugene O'Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times

毛猿

13.司哥特?费兹杰拉德F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s

A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream

了不起的盖茨比

14.海明威Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize

Iceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure

15.福克纳?William Faulkner - awarded a Nobel Prize

South, imprisonment in the past

Stream of consciousness, multiple points of view

Yoknapatawpha Country

old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.

20xx年4月自考英美文学选读试题

2004年4月自考英美文学选读试题

全部题目用英文作答,并将答案写在答题纸相应位置上,否则不计分。

PART ONE (40 POINTS)

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)

Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your correct answer on the answer sheet.

1.“And we will sit upon the rocks, /Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious birds sing madrigals.” The above lines are taken from ______.

A. Milton’s Paradise Lost B. Marlowe’s “The Passionate shepherd to His Love”

C. Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” D. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”

2.The English Renaissance period was an age of ______ .

A. poetry and drama B. drama and novel C. novel and poetry D. romance and poetry

3.Here are four lines taken from Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene: “But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,/The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,/For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore,/And dead as living ever him adored.” Who is the “dying Lord” discussed in the above lines?

A. Beowulf B. King Arthur C. Jesus Christ D. Jupiter

4.In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ______. A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industry

B. his enterprise went bankrupt C. Bassanio was able to pay his own debt D. his ships had all been lost

5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?

A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B. The speaker satirizes human vanity.

C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.

6. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called ______.

A. heroic couplet B. quatrain C. Spenserian stanza D. terza rima

7. “Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,/Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;/Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile /The short and simple annals of the poor.” The above lines are taken from .

A. Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism B. Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”

C. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”

8. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious ______of his time.

A. persecution B. improvement C. prosperity D. disillusionment

9. The 18th century witnessed a new literary form-the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common people.

A. romantic B. realistic C. prophetic D. idealistic

10. As a whole, ______is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life— socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.

A. Moll Flanders B. Gulliver’s Travels C. Pilgrim’s Progress D. The School for Scandal

11. An honest, kind-hearted young man, who is full of animal spirit and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative .

The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding’s work .

A. Jonathan Wild the Great B. Tom Jones C. The Coffe-House Politician D. Amelia

12. In Sheridan’s The School for scandal, the man who wins the hand of his beloved as well as the inheritance of his rich uncle is ______ .

A. Charles Surface B. Joseph Surface C. Sir Peter Teazle D. Sir Benjamin Backbite

13. Which of the following works best represents the national spirit of the 18th-century England?

A. Robinson Crusoe B. Gulliver’s Travels C. Jonathan Wild the Great D. A Sentimental Journey

14. Shelley’s masterpiece, Prometheus Unbound, is a verse drama, which borrows the basic story from ______ .

A. the Bible B. a German legend C. a Greek play D. One Thousand and One Nights

15. In the first part of the novel Pride and prejudice, Mr. Darcy has a (n) ______ of the Bennet family .

A. high opinion B. great admiration C. low opinion D. erroneous view

16. In Byron’s poem “Song for the Luddites,” the word “Luddite” refers to the ______ .

A. workers who destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment

B. rising bourgeoisie who fights against the aristocratic class

C. descendents of the ancient king ,Lud D. poor country people who suffered under the rule of the landlord class

17. Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield and Sam Well in Pickwick Papers are perhaps the best ______ characters created by Charles Dickens.

A. comic B.tragic C. round D.sophisticated

18. A typical feature of the English Victorian literature is that writers became social and moral ______ , exposing all kinds of social evils.

A. revolutionaries B. idealists C. critics D. defenders

19. “Is it not sufficient for your infernal selfishness, that while you are at peace I shall writhe in the torments of hell?”(Heathcliff uttered the sentence in the death scene of Catherine from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights.) The word “hell” at the end of the quoted sentence refers to ______ .

A. Heaven B. Hades C. the next world D. this world

20. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of ______ ,who never pays any attention to human feelings.

A. justice B. humor C. morality D. property

21. “He was silent with conceit of his son. Mrs. Morel sniffed, as if it were nothing.”(Sons and Lovers by D.H.Lawrence)From the above quotation, we can see that Mrs. Morel’s attitude to her husband is ______ .

A. sincerely warm B. genuinely kind

C. seemingly angry D. merely contemptuous

22. A boy makes a quest of his idealized childish love through painful experience up to the point of losing his innocence and coming to see the drabness and harshness of the adult world.

The above sentence may well sum up the major theme of ______.

A. Eliot’s poem The love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. Bernard shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s Profession

C. Joyce’s story Araby D. Lawrence’s story The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

23. Linguistically, compared with the writings of Mark Twain, Henry James’s fiction is noted for his ______.

A. frontier vernacular B. rich colloquialism C. vulgarly descriptive words D. refined elegant language

24. Which of the following statements about Washington Irving is NOT true?

A. Literary imagination should breed in a land rich in the past culture.

B. He is preoccupied with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil.

C. His stories are among the best of the American literature.

D. Some of his works are based on the materials of the European legendary tales.

25. Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas advocated by Emerson, the chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism?

A. As an individual, man is divine and can develop and improve himself infinitely.

B. Nature exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human beings.

C. There exists an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul.”

D. Evil and sin are ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.”

26. Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ______ .

A. the strict poetic form B. the free and natural rhythm

C. the easy flow of feelings D. the simple and conversational language

27. “Then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago.” In the quoted sentence, the author might imply that ______.

A. nothing changes in the 5000 years of human history B. man’s desire to conquer nature can only end in his own destruction C. nature is evil as it was 5000 years ago D. nature has the ultimate creative power

28. “Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space ,—all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.” The above passage is taken from ______.

A. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin B. Cooper’s “Leatherstocking Tales”

C. Emerson’s “Nature” D. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie

29. Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin?

A. Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s Cabin B. James’s The Portrait of a Lady.

C. Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms D. Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

30. Beside symbolism, all the following qualities EXCEPT ______are fused to make Melville’s Moby-Dick a world classic.

A. narrative power B. psychological analysis C. speculative agility D. optimistic view of life

31. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically.

A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious

32. In Daisy Miller, Henry James reveals Daisy’s ______ by showing her relatively unreserved manners.

A. hypocrisy B. cold and indifference C. grace and patience D. Americanness

33. The raft with which Huck and Jim make their voyage down the Mississippi River may symbolize all the following EXCEPT ______.

A. a return to nature

B. an escape from evils, injustices, and corruption of the civilized society

C. the American society in the early 19th century

D. a small world where people of different colors can live friendly and happily

34. Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story “A Rose for Emily,” can be regarded as a symbol for all the following qualities EXCEPT______.

A. old values B. rigid ideas of social status C. bigotry and eccentricity D. harmony and integrity

35. As a Modernist poet ,Pound is noted for his active involvement in the ______ .

A. cubist school of modern painting B. Imagist Movement

C. stream-of-consciousness technique D. German Expressionism

36. The statement that a boy’s night journey to an Indian village to witness the violence of both birth and death provides all the possibilities of a learning experience may well sum up the major theme of ______ .

A. Faulkner’s story “A Rose for Emily” B. Hemingway’s story “Indian Camp”

C. Irving’s story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” D. James’s story “Daisy Miller”

37. Which of the following plays by O’Neill can be read autobiographically?

A. The Hairy Ape B. The Emperor Jones C. The Iceman Cometh D. Long Day’s Journey Into Night

38. When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.

A. Henry James B. Scott Fitzgerald C. Ernest Hemingway D. William Faulkner

39.After his experiences in the forest, Young Goodman Brown returns to Salem ______.

A. desperate and gloomy B. renewed in his faith C. wearing a black veil D. unaware of his own sin

40. According to Mark Twain, in river towns up and down the Mississippi, it was every boy’s dream to some day grow up to be ______.

A. Methodist preacher B. a justice of the peace C. a riverboat pilot D. a pirate on the Indian ocean

PART TWO (60POINTS)

Ⅱ.Reading comprehension(16 points,4 for each)

Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

41. “One short sleep past, we wake eternally,

And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die.”

Questions:

A. Identify the poem and the poet. B.What does the word “sleep” mean? C. What idea do the two lines express?

42. “Never did sun more beautifully steep

In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill;

Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!

The river glideth at his own sweet will:

Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;

And all that mighty heart is lying still!”

(William Wordsworth’s sonnet: “Composed upon Westminster Bridge” September 3, 1802)

Questions:

A. What does the word “glideth” in the fourth line mean?

B. What kind of figure of speech is used by wordsworth to describe the “river”?

C. What idea does the fourth line express?

43. “With Blue—uncertain stumbling Buzz—

Between the light—and me—

And then the Windows failed—and then

I could not see to see—” Questions:

A. Identify the poem and the poet. B. What do “Windows” symbolically stand for?

C. What idea does the quoted passage express?

44. “‘Is dying hard, Daddy?’

‘No, I think it’s pretty easy, Nick, It all depends.”’

Questions: A. Identify the work and the author.

B. What was Nick preoccupied with when he asked the question?

C. Why did the father add “It all depends” after he answered his son’s question?

Ⅲ. Questions and Answers(24 points in all, 6 for each)

Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

45. It is said that B. Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, has a strong realistic theme, which fully reflects the dramatist’s Fabianist idea. Try to summarize this theme briefly.

46. Emily Bronte used a very complicated narrative technique in writing her novel Wuthering Heights. Try to tell Bronte’s way of narration briefly.

47. “In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.” The two sentences are taken from Theodore Dreiser’s novel, Sister Carrie. What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”?

48. The literary school of naturalism was quite popular in the late 19th century. What are the major characteristics of naturalism?

Ⅳ. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)

Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

49. Discuss the possible theme in W.B. Yeats’s “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” and how that theme is presented in the poem.

50. “My faith is gone!” cried he (Goodman Brown), after one stupefied moment. “There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given.”

Comment on this passage from Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”.

1-5 B A B D C 6-10 B D A B B 11-15 B A A C C 16-20 A A C D D 21-25 D C D B D 26-30 A B C D D

31-35 B D C D B 36-40 B D B A C

41. A. The peam is "Death,Be not Proud", which writted by John Donne

B. The world "sleep" means "death";

C. The two lines express the idea that there is nothing frightening in

death. Though we might die,we can keep alive spiritually forever.

42.A The word "glideth" means "flows"; B wordsworth uses personification to describe the "river"

C The fourth line expresses the idea that the river is flowing happily as a living things , which implies the beauty of the nature;

43. A The poem is "I heard as Fly buzz --when I died--" by Emily Dickinson.

B "windows" symbolically stand for the door to heaven.

C The quoted passage vividly describes the moment of my dying and expresses my doublt of the existence of eternal heaven.

44. A. The work is "Indian Gamp" by Ernest Hemingway.

B. Nick was preoccupied with the pain and violence of death.

C. By adding "It all depends" the father meant that death means differently to different poeple. To such weak persons like the husband of the Indian woman it's a pretty easy,while strong-willed person will not easily commit suicide.

45. The play deals with the themes of prostiution as a big bussiness in the bourgeois society . The play launches possibly the sharpest and the bitterest attack ever made by Shaw upon the very foundation of the "civilized" capitalist world.

The play hits the very heart of capitalism as a social system according to which economic exploitation is not only considered the legitimate thing adopted everywhere but is pursued shamelessly by "dignified"members of the society through the lowest and the dirtiest means.

46.There are complicated narrative levels in Wuthering Heights The main narrative is told by Nely ,Catherine's old nurse. to Mr. Lockwood,a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter gives an account of what he see at Wuthering Heights.In the main narrative by Nelly s the sub---narrative told through Isabella's letters a Nelly.While the central intrest is maintained,the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks,This marks the story all the more enticing and genuine.

47. From the "rocking-chair" we can draw that Carrie was dreaming of the bright future.

Although she was often disillusioned ,she was not at all in despair.

48. Naturalism is one school of realism where the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but

more ironic and more pesimistic. The American naturalism accepted the more negative implication of Darwin's evolutionary

theory and used it to account for the behavior of theose characters in literary works who conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes,their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. They chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society,and portrayed misery and poverty of the 'underdogs' who were deomostrably victims of society and nature. One of the most familiarcially as an explanation of sexual desire, Articically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language,lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure. Philosophically,the naturalists believe that the realand true is always partially hidden form the eyes of the individual,or beyond his control.

49. The major themes in Yeats's peoms are usually Celtic legends ,local folktales,or stories of the heroic in Irish history. Many of his early poems have a dream quality,expressing melancholy,passive and self-indulgent feelings.But ina number of poems, Yeats has achieved suggestive pattern of meaning by a careful countpointing of contrasting indeas or images like human and fairy, natural and artifical,domestic and wild ,and ephermral and permanent. "Innisfree" is just a popula representative fo such peomss;

around a "fairlyland" background,the peom is imagery give the peom a haunting quality. The charity and control of the peotry is very delicate with natural imagery,dream-like atmospher and musical beauty. The possible theme is that tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal "fairlyland" where he could live calmy as a herimit and enjoy the beauty of nature. The peam consists of three quatrains of iambic pentameter ,with each stanza rhymed abab.Innisfree is an inlet in the lake in Irish lengends. Here the author is referring to a place for hermitage.

50. This passage appears after Goodman Brown's experience in the forest. Brrown attends a witch's Sabbath in the woods and is confronted with a vision of human evil there. After he returns to his home,he lives a dismal and gloomy life because he is never able to believe in goodness or piety again.The passage exemplifies the concern of guilty and evil in Hawthorne's work. Its hero experience from the transition from naive young man who accepts both society in genral and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard to a sistrustful and doublful person.Howevers,the

story is manipulated in such a way that we as readers fell that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer, and he does not permit hismself to determin whether the events of the night of trail are real or the mere figment of a dream.

薄冰英语语法 第八章 被动语态

第八章 被动语态

8.1 语态的含义和种类

语态(voice)是动词的一种形式,用以表示主语和谓语之间的.关系。

英语的语态分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如:

(1)Yesterday! I parked my car outside the school. 昨天我把我的汽车停在学校外边。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如:

(2)A sound of piano is heard in the adjoining room. 听到邻居房间里有钢琴声。

被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态,但较常用的有下列十种:

1)现在一般时

(3)Xiao Wang, you are wanted in the office. 小王,办公室有事找你。

(4)I am not so easily deceived. 我不是轻易上当受骗的。

2)过去一般时

(5)I was invited to the concert. 我应邀参加了音乐会。

(6)Our house was built in 1969. 我们家的房子建于1969年。

3)将来一般时

(7)We hope that an agreement will be arrived at. 我们希望会达成一项协议。

(8)This matter will be looked into in the future. 这件事将来是要查明的。

4)过去将来一般时

(9)He said that the bridge would be built next year. 他说这座桥明年将建成。

(10)Another half-hour and all doors would be locked—all lights extinguished. 再过半小时,所有的门都要上锁—所有的灯都要熄灭。

5)现在完成时

(11)My car has been repaired. 我的汽车已修好了。

(12)The party has been planned since the new year. 这聚会自新年起就已筹划了。

6)过去完成时

(13)The portieres that hung across the folding doors had been taken down for the summer. 折门上面的门帘夏天已经取下来。

(14)Tootie looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the opening. 图蒂望着那些已经点着并放在洞口附近的提灯。

7)将来完成时

(15)The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。

(16)This class will have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by next summer. 到明年夏天,这个班将由布朗先生教毕二年了。

8)过去将来完成时

(17)The headmaster said the article would been completed translated by six o’clock. 校长说这篇文章将在6点钟以前翻译完毕。

(18)He said that the bridge would have been completed before July. 他说这桥将于7月前完成。

9)现在进行时

(19)This question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题正在会上讨论。

(20)The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由姑母照看着。

10)过去进行时

(21)When I called, tea was being served. 我来拜访时,正值上茶之际。

(22)With his fingers, he gently searched the crown and brim of his hat to be sure it wasn’t being crushed. 他用手指轻轻地摸找帽顶和帽边,以肯定它没有被压坏。

[注一]完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。它们的被动意义可用完成时态来表示,如He has been being examined.(他已被考过。)一般应代之以He has been examined。将来进行时与过去将来进行时一般也不用被动语态。其被动意义可用一般时态来表示,如He will be being examined while we are there.(他将在我们在那里时被考。)可代之以He will be examined while we are there。

[注二]关于非限定动词的被动语态见本书第十章有关各节。

被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外,还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中,后面一般不接by短语。如:

(23)Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads. 每年都几百人死于道路交通事故。

(24)The boy got hurt on his way to school. 这男孩在上学的路上受伤了。

被动语态可含有情态动词,其结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”。如:

(25)This must be done as soon as possible. 这件事必须尽快做。

(26)What’s done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。

(27)These stairs are very dangerous. They should be repaired. 这楼梯很危险,应该修理了。

(28)Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down. 过马路要非常小心,要看两边,不然会被车撞倒的。

有不少短语动词相当于及物动词,所以这些短语动词亦有被动语态。如:

(29)Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory. 我们实验室做了许多有趣的实验。

(30)Boxing was gone in for here in the early 1950s. 20世纪50年代初期,这里拳击很盛行。

有些由“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动词,其结构比较松散,变成被动语态时也可以将名词和其后的介词拆开(使介词和其后的宾语合成一介词短语)。这种被动语态常用于正式文体中。如:

(31)Mess had been made of the house. 家里乱作一团。(主动句是:The owner had made mess of the house.)

(32)Good use is made of the library. 这图书馆的利用率很高。(主动句是:They make good use of the library.)

8.2主动语态变被动语态

主动语态变为被动语态,可分为下列三种情况:

1)“主+ 谓+宾”句型变为被动语态时,先将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语(宾语如为人称代词,须将宾格变为主格);然后将主动结构中谓语动词的主动语态变为被动语态;最后在谓语动词的被动语态之后加by,再将主动结构中的主语置于介词by之后(如为人称代词,须将其主格变为宾格)。如:

(1)Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔于1876年发明了电话。(主动结构)

(2)The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. 电话是亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔于1876年发明的。(被动结构)

(3)The manager has not signed the papers. 经理没有在这些文件上签字。(主动结构)

(4)The papers have not been signed by the manager. 这些文件还没有由经理签字。(被动结构)

被动结构中的by短语,如无必要指出,则可省去。如:

(5)I posted that letter last night. 我昨晚把那封信投邮了。(主动结构)

(6)That letter was posted last night. 那封信是昨晚投邮的。(被动结构)

如宾语是—that从句,变为被动语态时可用it作被动句的形式主语。如:

(7)The know that he is an expert. 他们认为他是一位专家。(主动结构)

(8)It is known that he is an expert. 人们认为他是一位专家。(被动结构)

或把主动句中宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语,宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语。如:

(9)He is known to be an expert. 他被认为是一位专家。(被动结构)

[注一]将主动句变为被动句时,偶尔可把by短语放在过去分记词之前,如He was by someone known to have worked for the German fascists.(有人知道他曾为德国法西斯干过事。)这里将by someone移至过去分词known之前显然是由于known和其后的to have worked的关系更为密切。有时by短语也可放在主语补语之后,如Tea drinking is considered one of the pleasures of life by the Chinese.(喝茶被中国人认为是一种人生乐趣。)。

[注二]在较古的英语中,被动句中也可用of短语代替by短语。现仍见于少数一些说法中。如:

①He was beloved of everybody. 他受到大家的爱戴。

②He was devoured of a long dragon. 他被一长龙吞噬了。

被动结构中的by短语并不一定总是代表动作的执行者,它有时也可表方式或原因。如:

(10)A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以从他穿的服装认出来。

(11)I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time. 我对他再次请我跳舞感到高兴。

2)“主+ 谓+宾+宾”句型(一般地说一为间接宾语,一为直接宾语)变为被动结构时,只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语,另一宾语不变。这一保留不变的宾语叫做保留宾语(retained object)。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,间接宾语之前则应加介词to(可省去)或for(一般不可省)。如:

(12)He told her a long story. 他给她讲了一个长故事。(主动结构)

(13)She was told a long story. 她听了一个长故事。(被动结构)

(14)A long story was told to her. 有人对她讲了一个长故事。(被动结构)

(15)Mother bought me a new coat. 母亲给我买了件新上衣。(主动结构)

(16)I was bought a new coat. 有人给我买了件新上衣。(被动结构)

(17)A new coat was bought for me. 有人给我买了件新上衣。(被动结构)

[注]被动句中强调间接宾语时,其前的介词to不可省去,如Ample warning was given to then, not to me.(受到严厉警告的是他们,不是我。)。

上述句型中的两个宾语有时都是直接宾语。变为被动结构时,一般皆将主动结构中指人的宾语变为主语。如:

(18)The teacher asked the students a very unusual question. 教师向学生提了一个很不寻常的问题。(主动结构)

(19)The students were asked a very unusual question. 学生被问了一个很不寻常的问题。(被动结构)

偶尔也可将主动结构中指物的宾语变为主语,但指人的保留宾语之前一般不可加任何介词。如:

(20)He will forgive you your offence. 他将宽恕你的无礼。(主动结构)

(21)Your offence will be forgiven you. 你的无礼将得到宽恕。(被动结构)

3)“主+谓+复合宾语”句型(含有一个宾语加宾语补语)变为被动结构时,只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,宾语补语不变。如:

(22)They chose Tom captain. 他们选汤姆为队长。(主动结构,宾语补语为名词)

(23)Tom was chosen captain. 汤姆被选为队长。(被动结构)

(24)In spring, all the islanders paint their houses white. 春天的时候,所有岛民都把他们的房子涂成白色。(主动结构,宾语补语为形容词)

(25)Their houses are painted white. 他们的房子被涂成白色。(被动结构)

(26)They recognized him as a genius. 他们认为他是一个天才。(主动结构,宾语补语为介词短语)

(27)He was recognized as a genius. 他被认为是一个天才。(被动结构)

(28)We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again. 我们要求教师再解释一下这些难句。(主动结构,宾语补语为不定式)

(29)The teacher was asked to explain the difficult sentences again. 教师被要求再解释一下这些难句。(被动结构)

(30)I found him lying on the floor. 我发现他躺在地板上。(主动结构,宾语补语为现在分词)

(31)He was found lying on the floor. 他被发现躺在地板上。(被动结构)

(32)We found all our seats occupied. 我们发现所有我们的位子都被占了。(主动结构,宾语补语为过去分词)

(33)All our seats was found occupied. 所有我们的位子发现都被占了。(被动结构)

但在下列情况下,主动句一般不能变为被动句:

1)谓语是:

a)及物动词leave,enter,reach,resemble,become(适合) suit,benefit,lack等。

b)不可拆开的take place,lose heart,change colour,belong to,consist of等短语动词。

2)宾语是:

a)反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、动名词等。

b)虚词it,如cab it,foot it等。

c)身体的某一部分,如shake one’s head等。

d)某些抽象名词,如interest(兴趣)等。

8.3 被动语态的用法

英语里多用主动语态,但用被动语态的场合也不少,似乎要比汉语用得广泛。英语的被动语态常用于下列几种场合:

1)当我们不知道动作的执行者时。如:

(1)Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。

(2)Look! There’s nothing here. Everything has been taken away. 看!这里什么也没有。一切都被拿走了。

2)当我们不必要提出动作的执行者时。如:

(3)I was born in 1960. 我生于1960年。

(4)Such things are not done twice. 这种事不可再做。

3)当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者时。如:

(5)She is liked by everybody. 她为人人所喜欢。(强调she)

(6)A good time was had by all. 大家都玩得很痛快。(侧重a good time)

4)当我们出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时。如:

(7)Where can you be reached? 哪里可以和你接头?(避免说出“我”)

(8)You’ll be contacted. 我们会和你联系的。(避免说出“我们”)

5)当我们出于行文的需要时。如:

(9)The film was directed by Xie Jin. 该电影由谢晋导演。(上文谈的是该影片)

(10)Helen was sent to the school by her parents when she was nine. 海伦九岁时被父母送到这座学校。(上文谈的是海伦)

6)有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。如:

(11)It’s done! (可缩略为Done!)成啦!(现在一般时被动式表动作已完成)

(12)He is said to be a good teacher. 他被认为是一个好教师。

(13)The line of flags was slung between two trees. 一列国旗挂在两树之间。

(14)He was born in 1919. 他生于1919年。

(15)She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe. 她被誉为是欧洲最佳歌手。

[注]被动语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍及景物描写。

8.4 含被动意义的主动语态

有些不及物动词(其主语大都指物)的主动语态可以表示被动意义。这种不及物动词有下列几种:

1)某些连系动词。如smell,taste,sound,prove,feel等。

(1)The flowers smell sweet. 这花儿很香。

(2)The food tastes nice. 这食物的味道好。

(3)That sounds very reasonable. 这话听上去很有道理。

(4)The story proved quite false. 这一套话证实完全是假的。

2)某些与can’t,won’t等连用的不及物动词,如move,lock,shut,open等。

(5)It can’t move. 它不能动。

(6)The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。

3)某些可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词,如read,write,wash,clean,draw,burn,cook,photograph等。

(7)The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。

(8)The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。

(9)The cistern doesn’t clean easily. 这水槽不容易弄干净。

(10)This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米做饭比那种熟得快。

4)某些可用于“主+谓+主补”结构中的不及物动词,如wear,blow等。

(11)This material has worn thin. 这种布料已穿薄了。

(12)The door blew open. 门给吹开了。

有些不及物动词的进行时亦具有被动意义。如:

(13)Corn is selling briskly. 谷物畅销。

[注] 上述不及物动词有些亦可用作及物动词,但二者有所不同。如:

①The door opened. 门开了。

②The door was opened. 门被打开了。

例①强调the door本身内在的特性,表明“门”本身可开可关,不强调动作的执行者;例②则相反,强调“门被人打开了”,与门本身的特性无关。

8.5 被动语态与系表结构的区别

所谓系表结构,在此乃指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样,于是就有一个如何区别它们的问题。总的来说,它们有以下几点不同:

1)被动语态中的过去分词是动词,表动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,表状态。前者可用by短语表动作的执行者,后者则一般不用by短语。如:

(1)The composition was written with great care. 这篇作文写得很用心。(被动语态)

(2)The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得好。(系表结构)

(3)These articles are sold quickly. 这些货物售得快。(被动语态)

(4)These articles are all sold out. 这些货物全售出了。(系表结构)

(5)Such questions are often settled through negotiations. 这类问题通常通过谈判解决。(被动语态)

(6)The question is settled. 这个问题解决了。(系表结构)

2)系表结构一般只用于现在一般时与过去一般时。被动语态则除可用于上述两种时态之外,还可用于其它时态。如:

(7)I have been driven to it. 我是被迫至此。(被动结构)

(8)The flowers will be planted next week. 下周种花。(被动结构)

3)系表结构中的过去分词可被very所修饰;被动语态中的过去分词可用much修饰。试比较:

(9)He was very agitated. 他很激动。(系表结构)

(10)He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。(被动结构)

4)系表结构有主动意义,被动结构只有被动意义。现将具有主动意义的系表结构举例说明如下:

a)过去分词表心理、感情,如:

(11)She is resolved to become a ballet dancer. 她决心当一名芭蕾舞演员。

(12)I am quite puzzled. 我感到十分困惑。

b)过去分词是反身动词,如:

(13)The open square was bathed in light. 宽阔的广场淋浴在阳光中。(主动式是bathed itself)

(14)The way was lost between the trees. 小路消失在树林之中。(主动式是lost itself)

c)过去分词与介词搭配,如:

(15)He was puzzled about it. 他为那件事感到困惑。

(16)Are you interested in this subject? 你对这门课感兴趣吗?

(17)We were surprised at the news. 我们对那消息感到惊讶。

(18)She was scared out of her wits. 她吓得不知所措。

(19)The child is accustomed to sleeping alone. 这孩子习惯独自睡了。

[注]过去分词有时可后接with,也可后接by。一般来说,by强调动作,with强调状态,试比较:seized by a man 被人捉住,seized with a fever 发烧;covered by a lid 被盖子盖住,covered with a lid 为盖子所盖住

5)有时只能从上下文才能加以区别。如:

(20)The door was closed. 门关上了。

(21)The road was mended. 路修好了。

独立地看,上述两例,既可是被动结构,也可是系表结构。遇到这种情况,则应根据上下文去理解。

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